Open Sesame (Dlink - CVE-2012-4046)

A couple weeks ago a vulnerability was posted for the dlink DCS-9xx series of cameras. The author of the disclosure found that the setup application that comes with the camera is able to send a specifically crafted request to a camera on the same network and receive its password in plaintext. I figured this was a good chance to do some analysis and figure out exactly how the application carried out this functionality and possibly create a script to pull the password out of a camera.

The basic functionality of the application is as follows:

  • Application sends out a UDP broadcast on port 5978
  • Camera sees the broadcast on port 5978 and inspects the payload – if it sees that the initial part of the payload contains "FF FF FF FF FF FF" it responds (UDP broadcast port 5978) with an encoded payload with its own MAC address
  • Application retrieves the camera's response and creates another UDP broadcast but this time it sets the payload to contain the target camera's MAC address, this encoded value contains the command to send over the password
  • Camera sees the broadcast on port 5978 and checks that it is meant for it by inspecting the MAC address that has been specified in the payload, it responds with an encoded payload that contains its password (base64 encoded)

After spending some time with the application in a debugger I found what looked like it was responsible for the decoding of the encoded values that are passed:


super exciting screen shot.
After spending some time documenting the functionality I came up with the following notes (messy wall of text):

CommandComments
.JGE SHORT 0A729D36; stage1
./MOV EDX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.2]; set EDX to our 1st stage half decoded buffer
.|MOV ECX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.4]; set ECX to our current count/offset
.|MOV EAX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; set EAX to our base64 encoded payload
.|MOVSX EAX,BYTE PTR DS:[EAX]; set EAX to the current value in our base64 payload
.|MOV AL,BYTE PTR DS:[EAX+0A841934]; set EAX/AL to a hardcoded offset of its value table is at 0a841934
.|MOV BYTE PTR DS:[ECX+EDX],AL; ECX = Offset, EDX = start of our half-decoded buffer, write our current byte there
.|INC DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.4]; increment our offset/count
.|INC DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; increment our base64 buffer to next value
.|MOV EDX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.4]; set EDX to our counter
.|CMP EDX,DWORD PTR SS:[ARG.2]; compare EDX (counter) to our total size
.\JL SHORT 0A729D13; jump back if we have not finished half decoding our input value
.MOV ECX,DWORD PTR SS:[ARG.3]; Looks like this will point at our decoded buffer
.MOV DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.5],ECX; set Arg5 to our decoded destination
.MOV EAX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.2]; set EAX to our half-decoded buffer
.MOV DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3],EAX; set arg3 to point at our half-decoded buffer
.MOV EDX,DWORD PTR SS:[ARG.4]; ???? 1500 decimal
.XOR ECX,ECX; clear ECX
.MOV DWORD PTR DS:[EDX],ECX; clear out arg4 value
.XOR EAX,EAX; clear out EAX
.MOV DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.6],EAX; clear out local.6
.JMP SHORT 0A729DAE; JUMP
./MOV EDX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; move our current half-decoded dword position into EDX
.|MOV CL,BYTE PTR DS:[EDX]; move our current byte into ECX (CL) (dword[0])
.|SHL ECX,2; shift left 2 dword[0]
.|MOV EAX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; move our current dword position into EAX
.|MOVSX EDX,BYTE PTR DS:[EAX+1]; move our current dword position + 1 (dword[1]) into EDX
.|SAR EDX,4; shift right 4 dword[1]
.|ADD CL,DL; add (shift left 2 dword[0]) + (shift right 4 dword[1])
.|MOV EAX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.5]; set EAX to our current decoded buffer position
.|MOV BYTE PTR DS:[EAX],CL; write our decoded (dword[0]) value to or decoded buffer
.|INC DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.5]; increment our position in the decoded buffer
.|MOV EDX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; set EDX to our current dword position
.|MOV CL,BYTE PTR DS:[EDX+1]; set ECX to dword[1]
.|SHL ECX,4; left shift 4 dword[1]
.|MOV EAX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; set EAX to our current dword position
.|MOVSX EDX,BYTE PTR DS:[EAX+2]; set EDX to dword[2]
.|SAR EDX,2; shift right 2 dword[2]
.|ADD CL,DL; add (left shift 4 dword[1]) + (right shift 2 dword[2])
.|MOV EAX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.5]; set EAX to our next spot in the decoded buffer
.|MOV BYTE PTR DS:[EAX],CL; write our decoded value into our decoded buffer
.|INC DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.5]; move to the next spot in our decoded buffer
.|MOV EDX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; set EDX to our current half-decoded dword
.|MOV CL,BYTE PTR DS:[EDX+2]; set ECX dword[2]
.|SHL ECX,6; shift left 6 dword[2]
.|MOV EAX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; set EAX to our current half-decoded dword
.|ADD CL,BYTE PTR DS:[EAX+3]; add dword[2] + dword[3]
.|MOV EDX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.5]; set EDX to point at our next spot in our decoded buffer
.|MOV BYTE PTR DS:[EDX],CL; write our decoded byte to our decoded buffer
.|INC DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.5]; move to the next spot in our decoded buffer
.|ADD DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3],4; increment our encoded buffer to point at our next dword
.|MOV ECX,DWORD PTR SS:[ARG.4]; set ECX to our current offset?
.|ADD DWORD PTR DS:[ECX],3; add 3 to our current offset?
.|ADD DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.6],4; add 4 to our byte counter??
.|MOV EAX,DWORD PTR SS:[ARG.2]; move total size into EAX
.|ADD EAX,-4; subtract 4 from total size
.|CMP EAX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.6]; compare our total bytes to read bytes
.\JG SHORT 0A729D50; jump back if we are not done
.MOV EDX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; set EDX to our last DWORD of encoded buffer
.MOVSX ECX,BYTE PTR DS:[EDX+3]; set ECX to dword[3] last byte of our half-decoded dword (dword + 3)
.INC ECX; increment the value of dword[3]
.JE SHORT 0A729E1E
.MOV EAX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; set EAX to our current half-decoded dword
.MOV DL,BYTE PTR DS:[EAX]; set EDX (DL) to dword[0]
.SHL EDX,2; shift left 2 dword[0]
.MOV ECX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; set ECX to our current encoded dword position
.MOVSX EAX,BYTE PTR DS:[ECX+1]; set EAX to dword[1]
.SAR EAX,4; shift right 4 dword[1]
.ADD DL,AL; add (shifted left 2 dword[0]) + (shifted right 4 dword[1])
.MOV ECX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.5]; set ECX to point at our next spot in our decoded buffer
.MOV BYTE PTR DS:[ECX],DL; write our decoded value (EDX/DL) to our decoded buffer
.INC DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.5]; move to the next spot in our decoded buffer
.MOV EDX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; set EDX to point at our dword
.MOV AL,BYTE PTR DS:[EDX+1]; set EAX/AL to dword[1]
.SHL EAX,4; shift left 4 dword[1]
.MOV EDX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; set EDX to our current dword
.MOVSX ECX,BYTE PTR DS:[EDX+2]; set ECX to dword[2]
.SAR ECX,2; shift right 2 dword[2]
.ADD AL,CL; add (shifted left 4 dword[1]) + (shifted right 2 dword[2])
.MOV EDX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.5]; set EDX to point at our current spot in our decoded buffer
.MOV BYTE PTR DS:[EDX],AL; write our decoded value to the decoded buffer
.INC DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.5]; move to the next spot in our decoded buffer
.MOV EAX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; set EAX to point at our current dword
.MOV CL,BYTE PTR DS:[EAX+2]; set ECX/CL to dword[2]
.SHL ECX,6; shift left 6 dword[2]
.MOV EAX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.3]; point EAX at our current dword
.ADD CL,BYTE PTR DS:[EAX+3]; add dword[3] + (shifted left 6 dword[2])
.MOV EDX,DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.5]; point EDX at our current decoded buffer
.MOV BYTE PTR DS:[EDX],CL; write our decoded value to the decoded buffer
.INC DWORD PTR SS:[LOCAL.5]; increment our deocded buffer
.MOV ECX,DWORD PTR SS:[ARG.4]; set ECX to our current offset?
.ADD DWORD PTR DS:[ECX],3; add 4 for our current byte counter?
.JMP 0A729EA6; jump

Translated into english: the application first uses a lookup table to translate every byte in the input string, to do this it uses the value of the current byte as an offset into the table.  After it is done with "stage1" it traverses the translated input buffer a dword at a time and does some bit shifting and addition to fully decode the value. The following roughly shows the "stage2" routine:
(Dword[0] << 2) + (Dword[1] >> 4) = unencoded byte 1 
(Dword[1] << 4) + (Dword[2] >> 2) = unencoded byte 2 
(Dword[2] << 6) + Dword[3] = unencoded byte 3

I then confirmed that this routine worked on an "encoded" value that went over the wire from the application to the camera. After confirming the encoding scheme worked, I recreated the network transaction the application does with the camera to create a stand alone script that will retrieve the password from a camera that is on the same lan as the "attacker". The script can be found here, thanks to Jason Doyle for the original finding (@jasond0yle ).

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14.6.2014 draw 297/14 19 Mei 2013 23 Jun 2013 24.04.2013 25 Jun 2013 4 mei 2014 - draw 278/14 6 mei 2014 Adakah anda bersetuju dengan pernyataan tentang zakar ini? BERIKUT MERUPAKAN NOMBOR RAMALAN UNTUK MAGNUM 4D PADA 30 OGOS 2014 draw 143/13 draw 279/14 DRAW ID 098/13. DRAW ID 099/13: NOMBOR RAMALAN UNTUK MAGNUM 4D PADA 4 MEI 2013 DRAW ID 139/13. DRAW ID 141/13. DRAW ID 142/13 DRAW ID 142/13 / PREDICTION FOR MAGNUM 4D COUNTER ON 3 AUGUST 2013 ID CABUTAN 098/13 / PREDICTION FOR MAGNUM 4D COUNTER ON 1 MAY 2013 ID CABUTAN 099/13 / ID CABUTAN 139/13 / PREDICTION FOR MAGNUM 4D COUNTER ON 27 JULY 2013 ID CABUTAN 141/13 / PREDICTION FOR MAGNUM 4D COUNTER ON 31 JULY 2013 Keputusan dan perbandingan antara nombor ramalan dan result Magnum 4D pada 31 Julai 2013 Keputusan Magnum 4D Kerja part time/ sambilan : Peluang tambah pendapatan Magnum 4d result 1 May 2013 Draw 098/13 Magnum draw 094/13 nombor 4d 6.7.2014 308/14 Nombor 4d untuk hari ini : 21/04/2013 nombor magnum 4d draw 107/13 ; Ahad nombor magnum 4d untuk draw 101/13: 7 mei 2013 ( magnum 4d prediction number for draw 101/13 : 7 may 2013 Nombor ramalan 4d : 24.04.2013 Nombor ramalan dan keputusan Magnum 4D draw 119/13 pada 15 Jun 2013 Nombor ramalan Magnum 4D 4 Ogos 2013 draw 143/13 Nombor ramalan Magnum 4D 7 Ogos 2013 draw 144/13 nombor ramalan Magnum 4D dan result pada 4 Ogos 2013 Nombor ramalan magnum 4d draw 112/13 29 Mei 2013 Nombor ramalan Magnum 4D pada 1 Jun 2013 draw 113/13 nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada 14.6.2014 draw 297/14 Nombor ramalan Magnum 4D pada 2 Jun 2013 Draw 114/13 nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada 23 ogos 2014 draw 329/14 Nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada 26.05.2015 draw 467/15 - special draw Nombor Ramalan Magnum 4D pada 30 April 2014 draw 276/14 nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada 30 ogos 2014 draw 333/14 nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada 4 mei 2014 - draw 278/14 Nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada 5 julai 2014 hari sabtu draw 307/14 nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada 7 september 2014 draw 338/14 ( 7.9.2014/338/14) nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada 8 Februari 2014 (8/2/2014) draw 235/14 nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada hari ahad nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada hari ahad 6 julai 2014 draw 308/14 nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada hari rabu 25 september 2013 draw 168/13 nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada hari rabu 9 julai 2014 draw 309/14 nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada hari sabtu nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada hari sabtu 13.9.2014 draw 340/14 nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada hari sabtu 26 oktober 2013 draw 182/13 nombor ramalan magnum 4d pada hari selasa Nombor ramalan Magnum 4D untuk draw 118/13 pada hari Rabu 12 Jun 2013 Nombor ramalan Magnum 4D untuk draw 119/13 pada hari Sabtu 16 Jun 2013 Nombor ramalan Magnum 4D untuk draw 120/13 pada hari Ahad 16 Jun 2013 Nombor ramalan Magnum 4D untuk draw 121/13 pada hari Rabu 19 Jun 2013. Nombor ramalan Magnum 4D untuk draw 123/13 pada hari Ahad Nombor ramalan Magnum 4D untuk draw 124/13 pada hari Selasa (special draw) Nombor ramalan Magnum 4D untuk draw 231/14 pada hari Sabtu 1 Februari 2014 Nombor ramalan Magnum 4D untuk hari Sabtu 7 Ogos 2013 draw 149/13 Nombor ramalan Magnum 4D untuk hari Selasa 3 September 2013 draw 158/13 | SPECIAL DRAW Nombor ramalan MAGNUM 4D untuk special draw 111/13 28 Mei 2013 Nombor ramalan untuk hari Rabu nombor ramalan untuk MAGNUM 4D Nombor ramalan untuk magnum 4d draw 105/13: 15 Mei 2013 Nombor ramalan untuk magnum 4d draw 120/13 dan keputusan/result magnum 4d pada 16 Jun 2013 NOMBOR RAMALAN UNTUK MAGNUM 4D PADA 1 MEI 2013 NOMBOR RAMALAN UNTUK MAGNUM 4D PADA 27 JULAI 2013 NOMBOR RAMALAN UNTUK MAGNUM 4D PADA 3 OGOS 2013 NOMBOR RAMALAN UNTUK MAGNUM 4D PADA 31 JULAI 2013 nombor ramalan untuk magnun 4d pada 3 mei 2014-277/14 nombor untuk magnum 4d draw 095/13 : 27 April 2013 PREDICTION FOR MAGNUM 4D ON 4 MAY 2013 ramalan magnum 4d 9.7.14 309/14 Ramalan pada 12 Jun 2013 dan keputusan Magnum 4D Result 21.4.2013 Cash Sweep Result 21.4.2013 DaMaCai Result 21.4.2013 Magnum Result 21.4.2013 Toto special draw 28 Mei 2013 special draw pada 28 MEI 2013. TERKINI| TERBARU: nombor magnum 4d 7 mei 2013; 101/13 ; special draw Toto draw 3871/13

**Penafian**

Nombor ramalan hanyalah sebagai panduan dan dicadangkan untuk MAGNUM SAHAJA (atau kaunter lain sekiranya sesuai) . Segala pertaruhan adalah atas risiko anda sendiri.